diabetes diet

A diabetes diet is not only a recommendation to improve your quality of life, it's a necessity. Every patient should follow nutritional recommendations. This is necessary to minimize the risk of acute complications as well as worsening of general condition.A balanced diet allows you to establish metabolic processes in your body, which is extremely important when diagnosed with diabetes. The disease is potentially life-threatening, as it can be accompanied by serious conditions: ketoacidosis, internal organ failure, hypoglycemia, etc. For their own health, patients must understand not only the nature of the disease itself, but also its impact on the body. This will help you organize a sensible menu, develop healthy habits, and learn to take your doctor's prescriptions seriously.

Etiology and pathogenesis

The first scientific information about diabetes dates back to Greek times. Of course, the ancient Greeks had no diagnostic skills and no knowledge of the nature of disease. But even then (4th to 1st century BC), doctors were trying to systematize information about symptoms and treatments.According to the World Health Organization, the disease currently affects about 4% of the population and kills 3 million people each year, a figure that exceeds that of AIDS.The disease has multiple causes and is associated with a variety of symptoms. It is based on insulin deficiency and can be absolute or relative.The etiology of diabetes:

• overweight;
• Injury – physical and mental;
• viral diseases causing complications;
• genetic aggravation;
• Autoimmune diseases.

Predisposing factors include chronic and frequent stress and poor eating habits. People who regularly overeat are at risk from menus that contain excess carbohydrates and sugar.In the pathogenesis, the main role is played by the destruction of the islet apparatus of the pancreas, as a result of which abnormally small amounts of insulin are produced or no insulin is produced at all.Symptoms of diabetes:

• general weakness;
• lose weight;
• Increased urine output and frequent urination;
• Wounds heal slowly;
• Decreased libido;
• Itching of mucous membranes;
• hair and nail deterioration;
• Increased appetite and frequent thirst.

The disease is one of those that requires compulsory treatment. It is impossible to combat the symptoms of diabetes with folk remedies. Seeing a doctor is necessary. The earlier the diagnosis, the better the prognosis. In addition to a course of medication, a sound nutritional system is also required.

Classification of diseases and role of nutrition

Diet is determined by the degree of suppression of the pancreas itself.The disease is classified as follows:

1. Type I diabetes is an autoimmune disease and a relatively rare disease. It is characterized by extremely low levels of insulin production; in some cases, patients' bodies do not produce this hormone at all. Patients are forced to take regular injections, which is why the term "insulin dependence" is also used. A diet designed to lower blood sugar levels can help improve health and avoid the risk of hypoglycemia.
2. Type II diabetes occurs in 90% of cases. It usually occurs in people who are overweight and live a sedentary lifestyle, who do not pay attention to their diet and consume large amounts of foods that increase blood sugar levels (flour, potatoes, sweets). The dietary structure should gradually return the weight to normal. Moderate physical activity is recommended for such patients.
3. Gestational diabetes is a condition that can occur in pregnant women, especially those with severe intoxication during the second trimester. The diet for gestational diabetes should include adequate amounts of dietary supplements and strict weight control. In most cases, health returns to normal after pregnancy is over, but there is a risk of developing type 2 diabetes. To avoid this, you should follow the recommended diet after delivery.

In 1% of cases, other types of disease occur: latent, steroidal, neurogenic, renal, MODY, bronze and prediabetic. The diet for type 1 diabetes is determined by the treating physician after taking into account a variety of factors.

diabetes diet type

The cornerstone of diabetes treatment is a course of therapy aimed at lowering blood sugar levels and restoring normal insulin levels. At the same time, doctors insist on the importance of moderate physical activity and proper nutrition.About 80% of patients are overweight. Typically, excess weight is 15 percent or more above normal. When weight normalizes, the patient's overall condition improves significantly: blood pressure stabilizes, neurological function improves, chronic fatigue decreases, and health improves. But with such a diagnosis, extreme methods of losing excess weight quickly are strictly prohibited, and many diets, even the most popular ones, are not suitable for people with diabetes. You can't choose a powertrain based on reviews from friends or even recommendations from online experts. Trying a "tried and true" diet, such as the Kremlin Diet or the Dukan Diet, may cause your metabolism to go even more wrong. That is, efforts should be made to restore normalization of metabolic processes.

Types of nutrition plans

1. Protein diets are designed to suppress appetite by providing the body with large amounts of protein, thereby stimulating the production of bioactive substances. Proteins of plant and animal origin are introduced into the diet in equal proportions. Red meat is banned; replace it with fish, lean poultry, dairy products, and protein-rich beans and grains.
2. A low-carbohydrate diet for diabetes based on vegetables and fruits containing complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates were banned and protein intake was limited. This nutritional system is considered strict and is used when blood sugar levels are significantly elevated (3 times or more).
3. Low-carb diets are milder and suitable for people with type I and type II diabetes.
4. A buckwheat diet normalizes metabolic processes and replenishes the body with vitamins, macro and trace elements.
5. The basis of a preventive diet is the replacement of red meat with protein-rich lean meat, the use of appropriate cooking methods and the intake of fiber.
6. The Bernstein Diet is good for type 2 diabetes and prevention. This is not just a menu, but a comprehensive approach to organizing a balanced diet that can be taught even to young children.

carb counting

Bread units are a concept that every diabetic is familiar with. This is a traditional unit of measurement (XU) equivalent to 10-13 grams of carbohydrates and is used when calculating the calorie content of foods. Patients may take 4-6 XE with each meal.1 XE corresponds to:

• 1 tbsp. lake sugar or honey;
• 150ml juice;
• 130 g oranges;
• 60 g banana;
• 100 g melon;
• Porridge – 2. 5 tbsp. lake-grown cereals;
• Milk and fermented milk drinks – 250 ml;
• 20 g dried fruit.

It's also important to consider the type of food and how it's prepared. For example, some diets allow limited consumption of low-fat fish fillets, but consumption of high-fat canned fish is prohibited for all patients.

type 1 diabetes diet

Type 1 diabetes requires a diet to maintain blood sugar levels at 3. 5-5. 5 mmol/L.Dietary principles:

1. Part of the patient's nutrition: 5-6 meals a day.
2. The maximum daily caloric content is 2000 kcal.
3. Carbohydrates for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
4. Eat at least some snacks in the evening.
5. No fast carbs.
6. Say no to sugar and replace it with safe analogues (stevia, synthetic sweeteners).
7. Long-acting insulin preparations are given before meals, and short-acting insulin preparations are given after meals.
8. The maximum intake of XE per meal is 8.
9. Natural products are preferred.

Yeast-free baked goods, soy cheese and milk, unsweetened green tea, dried fruit preserves, fresh fruits and vegetables, nuts and grains are allowed. Many vegetarian dishes are diet-friendly.Greasy first courses and grilled meats, fatty meats and fish, bacon, pasta and fast food are prohibited. Alcohol consumption, especially red wine, is strictly prohibited.

A weekly diet for an overweight insulin-dependent person

first day

1. A piece of bread, porridge, soft cheese, tea.
2. Oranges, pistachios.
3. Borscht, salad, cabbage stew, schnitzel, gavage.
4. Rose hips, cheese, jelly.
5. Steamed cauliflower, salad.
6. A glass of milk.

the next day

1. Steamed veal, tomatoes, cereal bread, tea.
2. cheese, half a ripe pear.
3. Chicken breast, pumpkin puree, salad.
4. Grapefruit, kefir.
5. Boiled fish and stewed cabbage.
6. biscuit.

The third day

1. Lavash, coffee, cabbage rolls.
2. Strawberries, yogurt.
3. Solid pasta, salads, steamed fish.
4. Orange, candied fruit.
5. Cheese Casserole.
6. Kefir.

The fourth day

1. Porridge, cheese, boiled eggs, tea.
2. Toast bread with soft cheese and cook turkey.
3. Vegetable puree soup, vegetable stew, bread.
4. Tea and biscuits.
5. Green beans with chicken breast and rosehips.
6. bread.

fifth day

1. Cheese and kefir.
2. Pumpkin seeds, raisins.
3. Potatoes, salad, preserves.
4. Roasted pumpkin, rosehips.
5. Salads, rye flour pancakes.
6. Kefir.

The sixth day

1. Eggs, lightly salted salmon, tea.
2. Cheese, carrots.
3. Borscht with sorrel, vegetarian cabbage rolls, grout.
4. Kefir, bread.
5. Chicken tenders, braised eggplant, and fresh green beans.
6. biscuit.

Day 7

1. Porridge with ham and tea.
2. Tuna and vegetable salad, whole wheat bread.
3. Cabbage soup, meat stew, bread.
4. Cheese, plums.
5. Squid schnitzel, candied fruit.
6. milk.

type 2 diabetes diet

The focus is on reducing animal fats and simple carbohydrates. It is recommended that the rest time between meals should not exceed 4 hours. This nutritional plan, known as the "Diet 9" or "Form 9, " is suitable not only for patients, but for anyone seeking to normalize their diet.

Daily diet for type 2 diabetes

first day

1. Asparagus and quail egg omelette.
2. Nut, apple and boiled squid salad.
3. Beetroot soup, roasted eggplant.
4. Avocado, cocoa.
5. Salmon steak with sauce.

the next day

1. Oatmeal, yogurt, apples.
2. Smoothies.
3. Roast meat (veal) and vegetables.
4. Cheese Casserole.
5. Green salad with avocado.

The third day

1. Fried eggs with cheese, tomatoes and herbs.
2. Steamed vegetables with hummus.
3. Vegetable puree soup, chicken steak, fresh peas.
4. Pears and almonds.
5. Salmon with spinach and yogurt.

The fourth day

1. Baked apples.
2. Toast with leafy greens and tuna.
3. Steak, salad greens, parmesan cheese.
4. Fruit sorbet.
5. Broccoli Casserole.

fifth day

1. Oranges, soft cheese, cereal bread, fruit tea.
2. Beet salad with nuts and butter.
3. Steamed fish, rice, grapefruit.
4. Berries with cream.
5. Squid schnitzel, rose hips.

The sixth day

1. Carrot and Tofu Soufflé.
2. Roasted broccoli.
3. Lent borscht, grilled chicken slices, leafy greens, oranges.
4. Berry mousse.
5. Fish served with steamed vegetable garnish.

Day 7

1. Baked apples with raisins, oatmeal and nuts.
2. Salad with vegetables and shrimp.
3. Polenta, boiled fish, vegetables, kiwi.
4. Strawberry Cream Cheese.
5. Cucumber and herb salad, tea.

gestational diabetes diet

Gestational diabetes occurs due to damage to the pancreas during pregnancy. Expectant mothers should follow the following nutritional principles:

• Excludes flour, baked goods, any store-bought sweets, semolina porridge and any sugary products.
• BJU standard: 20|30|50%. You need to balance your diet based on these indicators.
• Include fruits, dairy products, and starchy foods in your diet.
• Strictly adhere to drinking habits. You need to consume 1. 8-2 liters of drinking water every day.
• Aim for 3 main meals and 2 snacks each day.
• Minimize coffee and tea intake (no more than 2 cups per day).
• Take a special vitamin complex as recommended by your doctor.
• Introduce herbs into the diet to reduce sugar: decoctions of linden flowers, blueberry leaves, clove buds, celery root.

Low-carb diets are not suitable for pregnant women. The standard daily calorie consumption is 2000-2500 calories.

Recommended menu for expectant mothers with high blood sugar

To control blood sugar levels, it is recommended to build a menu according to the following scheme.

• Breakfast: porridge (oatmeal, millet, buckwheat), cereal bread, tea or dried fruit preserves.
• Second breakfast: toast with unsalted cheese and apples.
• Lunch: porridge, vegetable salad, stew (beef or chicken).
• Afternoon snack: cheese, crackers, oranges.
• Dinner: Vegetable side dish, boiled meat, juice, crackers or pita bread.

3 hours before going to bed, you can drink a cup of yogurt or kefir. In addition to diet, it is important to take walks, warm up as much as possible, and perform simple exercises at home or with a trainer.

Diet for children with insulin-dependent diabetes

Children are more likely to develop the disease than adults, and the incidence of type 1 diabetes is higher in this age group—as much as 80 percent. At-risk children (who have family members with diabetes) need to have their health carefully monitored from birth.

Diet for children with diabetes

The rules for organizing nutrition for insulin-dependent children are even stricter than for adults. Approximate diet for your child:

• Candy, candies, baked goods, sweetened sodas are prohibited. Sugar should be completely eliminated from the diet.
• Fresh vegetables and fruits are allowed, but you need to be aware of exceptions. Children with diabetes should not eat bananas, dates, persimmons, raisins, grapes or figs.
• Six meals should be arranged and the children should be fed strictly according to the time. The deviation should not exceed 20 minutes. If you can't eat enough, you should give your baby some fruit, bread, or toast. Children who are dependent on insulin should never go hungry.
• Monitor your fructose consumption and use this metric as a basis when calculating your allowable amount of sweetener.
• A piece of dark chocolate can stop a hypoglycemic episode. It is recommended that an accompanying adult carry this product with him or her at all times.
• Diet is important. Daily standards are calculated by the treating endocrinologist based on the child's age and size.

It is necessary to organize a correct lifestyle in general. Children must be able to move and engage in physical activity. Continuous monitoring of blood sugar levels and regular consultation with a doctor are also necessary.

healthy recipes for diabetes

Diet recipes are suitable not only for diabetics but also for anyone who wants a balanced menu that includes healthy foods. The recommended dishes are simple in ingredients but beautiful to look at and rich in flavor.

Vegan cream soup

Prepare and chop 1 onion, 100g spinach, 300g broccoli, 200g each celery and courgette. Blanch in 500ml water for 15 minutes and puree in a blender. Add 200 ml of milk and 100 ml of cream to the vegetable cubes, bring to a boil and adjust the salt.

vegetable salad

Chop 200 g of cabbage. Cut 2 cucumbers into half rings and 2 tomatoes into slices. Mix vegetables, add salt and season with olive oil.

Onion squid cutlet

Place the squid fillets (400 g) in a meat grinder and add 25 g of bread crumbs to the mince. Finely chop leeks (50 g) and one onion and fry in a frying pan until half cooked. Chop the vegetables - spinach, dill, parsley. Mix the ingredients and mince the meat to form schnitzel. Brush each surface with egg, roll in bread crumbs and fry for 2 minutes on each side.

Rye Flour Blueberry Pancakes

Pour 2 grams of stevia into a cup of boiling water and brew. Mix 200 g cottage cheese, stevia tincture, 1 egg, 150 g blueberries. Carefully add 200 g rye flour, 0. 5 tsp. soda water and 2 tbsp. Lake sesame oil. Place the pancakes in a non-stick pan and cook on both sides.

brocoli

Boil 500 g of cauliflower florets for 10 minutes, cool and finely chop in a blender. Add 4 Tbsp. Add rice flour and salt and brew for 30 minutes to dissolve the fiber. Boil and chop 2 eggs, add chopped green onions. Shape the vegetable pieces into a flat cake, put the egg and onion filling in it and decorate it with zrazy. Roll in rice flour and fry in a frying pan.

Cheese and Pear Casserole

Mix 600 g low-fat cottage cheese, 2 eggs and 2 tbsp. Hu rice flour, knead thoroughly. Peel and chop 600 g of pears: half of them cut into cubes and the other half finely chopped. Mix the pears with the curd and cook for 30 minutes. Place into a silicone mold, coat with sour cream and bake at 180 degrees for 45 minutes.

Cheese and carrot soufflé

Grind 200 g of cheese and add 300 g of grated carrot. Grind 50 g walnut kernels, 3-4 sprigs of parsley and add to the mixture. Add 2 egg yolks, then 2 beaten egg whites. Pour batter into silicone waffle molds and fill 2/3 full. Bake for 20 minutes.Patient menus should be prepared responsibly. It should not only be balanced but also varied to prevent the breakdown or rejection of unhealthy foods. A systematic approach will help maintain health, prevent deterioration, and significantly improve quality of life.